NASA extends its Ingenuity Mars Helicopter’s mission to September – as the rotorcraft completes its 21st flight across the Red Planet, despite only being designed for five
- The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter has so far made 21 successful flights across Mars
- Now NASA has extended the rotorcraft’s flight operations through to September
- First experimental flight on another world lasted 39.1 seconds on April 19, 2021
- NASA scientists originally designed helicopter to fly five times on the Red Planet
NASA has announced plans to extend the hugely successful mission of its Mars Helicopter through to September.
The Ingenuity rotorcraft, which is just 18 inches tall, was originally designed to fly five times on Mars but has just completed its 21st trip across the Red Planet.
It made history in April 2021 when it completed the first powered controlled flight on any planet other than Earth.
The helicopter is currently acting as a scout for the Perseverance rover, which is searching for ancient microbial life on the Red Planet, and will continue testing its own capabilities to support the design of future Mars air vehicles.
Ingenuity’s latest successful flight is the first of at least three needed for the helicopter to cross the northwest portion of a region known as ‘Séítah’ and reach its next staging area.
NASA has announced plans to extend the mission of its Mars Helicopter through to September
The Ingenuity rotorcraft, which is just 18 inches tall, was originally designed to fly five times on Mars but has just completed its 21st trip across the Red Planet
Ingenuity took this image in the northwest portion of a region known as ‘Séítah’ using its high-resolution colour camera during its 20th flight on the Red Planet last month
INGENUITY FLIGHTS SO FAR
Flight one: April 19, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 9.8ft, stationary hover and a landing
Flight two: April 22, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 16ft, hover, then shift westward for 14ft before returning and landing
Flight three: April 25, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 16ft, hover, shift northwards for 328ft at an airspeed of 2 m/s before returning to land
Flight four: April 30, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 16ft, hover, shift southwards 873ft at 3.5m/s before returning to land
Flight five: May 7, 2021 with a vertical takeoff up to 33ft, hover, shift southwards 423ft at 3.5 m/s before landing at that new location
Flight six: May 22, 2021 with a vertical takeoff of 33ft, hover, shift southwest 492ft at 9mph, travel 49ft south, travel 164ft before returning to land
Flight seven: June 8, 2021 with a vertical takeoff of 33ft, hover, shift 348ft at 9mph, land at Airfield D
Flight eight: June 21, 2021 with a vertical takeoff, hover, shift southwest 520ft, land at Airfield E 438ft away from Perseverance
Flight nine: July 5, 2021 with a record length of 2,050ft southwest over a prospective research location at 16ft per second.
Flight ten: July 24, 2021 with a record height of 40 feet (12 metres) over Raised Ridges to Airfield G. Flight duration 165.4 seconds.
Flight eleven: August 5, 2021 by flying 1,250ft for 130 seconds in preparation for a series of reconnaissance missions for the Perseverance rover.
Flight twelve: August 16, 2021 by flying 1,476ft for 169 seconds, climbing 32.8ft in the air, over the ‘South Seitah’ region of Mars.
Flight thirteen: September 5, 2021 by flying 690ft for 160.5 seconds, climbing 26ft over one particular ridgeline over the ‘South Seitah’ region of Mars.
Flight fourteen: October 25, 2021 by flying a ‘short hop’ of 6.5ft (2m) to test out higher rpm settings. It flew for 23 seconds at 1mph at an altitude of 16ft (5m).
Flight fifteen: November 6, 2021 by flying back towards its original landing site. It flew for a total of 128 seconds at an estimated 11mph.
Flight sixteen: November 20, 2021 by travelling 381ft (116m) for a total of 108 seconds at an estimated 3mph.
Flight seventeen: December 5, 2021 by flying back toward the Wright Brothers Field at the Octavia E. Butler landing site. It flew 614ft (187m) for a total of 117 seconds at an estimated 6mph.
Flight eighteen: December 15, 2021 by travelling 755ft (230m) for a total of 124.3 seconds at an estimated 5mph.
Flight nineteen: February 7, 2022 by travelling 207ft (63m) for a total of 99.8 seconds at an estimated 2mph.
Flight twenty: February 25, 2022 by travelling 1,283ft (391m) for a total of 130.3 seconds at an estimated 10mph.
Flight twenty one: March 11, 2022 by travelling 1,214ft (370m) for a total of 129.2 seconds at an estimated 8mph.
In the months ahead, it is set to support Perseverance’s exploration of the ancient river delta of Jezero Crater.
‘Less than a year ago we didn’t even know if powered, controlled flight of an aircraft at Mars was possible,’ said NASA’s Thomas Zurbuchen.
‘Now, we are looking forward to Ingenuity’s involvement in Perseverance’s second science campaign.
‘Such a transformation of mindset in such a short period is simply amazing, and one of the most historic in the annals of air and space exploration.’
Ingenuity’s new area of operations is entirely different from the modest, relatively flat terrain it has been flying over since its first flight last April, the US space agency said.
Several miles wide and formed by an ancient river, the fan-shaped delta rises more than 130 feet (40 metres) above the crater floor.
Filled with jagged cliffs, projecting boulders, and sand-filled pockets that could stop a rover in its tracks (or upend a helicopter upon landing), NASA said the delta could hold numerous geologic revelations — including the proof necessary to determine that microscopic life once existed on Mars billions of years ago.
Upon reaching the delta, Ingenuity’s first orders will be to help determine which of two dry river channels Perseverance should take when it is time to climb to the top of the delta.
Along with routing assistance, data provided by the helicopter will help the Perseverance team assess potential science targets.
Ingenuity may even be called upon to image geologic features too far afield (or outside of the rover’s traversable zone), or perhaps scout landing zones and caching sites for the Mars Sample Return program.
‘The Jezero river delta campaign will be the biggest challenge the Ingenuity team faces since first flight at Mars,’ said Teddy Tzanetos, Ingenuity team lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.
‘To enhance our chances of success, we have increased the size of our team and are making upgrades to our flight software geared toward improving operational flexibility and flight safety.’
Several of these upgrades have led to reduced navigation errors during flight, which increases both flight and landing safety.
A recent software change on the rotorcraft freed Ingenuity from its previously programmed maximum altitude of 50 feet (15 metres).
This could lead to incremental increases in both air speed and range, while a second upgrade allows Ingenuity to change airspeed as it flies and another enables it to better understand and adjust to changes in terrain texture during flight.
Future software upgrades may include adding terrain elevation maps into the navigation filter and a landing-hazard-avoidance capability.
But before aerial reconnaissance of the Jezero Crater river delta can begin, Ingenuity has to complete its journey to the area.
Scheduled for no earlier than March 19, Ingenuity’s next flight will be a complex journey, about 1,150 feet (350 meters) in length, that includes a sharp bend in its course to avoid a large hill.
After that, the team will determine whether two or three more flights will be required to complete the crossing of northwest Séítah.
Ingenuity arrived on Mars attached to the belly of Perseverance, which touched down on Mars on February 18 after a nearly seven-month journey through space.
Perseverance made its first test drive on Mars on March 4, and on April 4, NASA confirmed that Ingenuity had been dropped to the surface of Mars from Perseverance’s ‘belly’ in preparation for its historic flight.
NASA also said on April 5 that Ingenuity had survived its first night on the Martian surface — a major milestone because surface temperatures can plunge as low as -130°F (-90°C).
The helicopter made its first flight on April 19, 2021, making history as the first powered controlled flight on any planet other than Earth.
In a nod to this feat, Ingenuity carries a small amount of fabric that covered one of the wings of the Wright brothers’ aircraft, known as the Flyer, during the first powered, controlled flight on Earth in 1903.
For the first flight, Ingenuity took off, climbed to about 10 feet (3 meters) above the ground, hovered in the air briefly, completed a turn and then landed after 39.1 seconds.
This image shows the multiple flights – and two different routes – NASA’s Mars Helicopter could take on its trip to Jezero Crater’s delta
Ingenuity (pictured in an artist’s impression) is currently acting as a scout for the Perseverance rover, which is searching for ancient microbial life on the Red Planet
After another four flights, six more minutes in the air, and travelling a total distance of 1,637 feet (499 metres), NASA transitioned Ingenuity into an operations demonstration phase, testing its ability to provide an aerial dimension to the Perseverance mission.
With the completion of Flight 21, the rotorcraft has now logged over 38 minutes aloft and travelled 2.9 miles (4.64 kilometers).
As Ingenuity pushes farther into uncharted territory, these numbers will inevitably go up, and previous flight records will more than likely fall.
‘This upcoming flight will be my 22nd entry in our logbook,’ said Ingenuity chief pilot Håvard Grip of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
‘I remember thinking when this all started, we’d be lucky to have three entries and immensely fortunate to get five.
‘Now, at the rate we’re going, I’m going to need a second book.’
NASA MARS 2020: PERSEVERANCE ROVER AND INGENUITY HELICOPTER ARE SEARCHING FOR LIFE ON THE RED PLANET
NASA’s Mars 2020 mission was launched to search for signs of ancient life on the Red Planet in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on Earth in the earliest years of the evolution of the solar system.
Named Perseverance, the main car-sized rover is exploring an ancient river delta within the Jezero Crater, which was once filled with a 1,600ft deep lake.
It is believed that the region hosted microbial life some 3.5 to 3.9 billion years ago and the rover will examine soil samples to hunt for evidence of the life.
Nasa’s Mars 2020 rover (artist’s impression) is searching for signs of ancient life on Mars in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on our own planet
The $2.5 billion (£1.95 billion) Mars 2020 spaceship launched on July 30 with the rover and helicopter inside – and landed successfully on February 18, 2021.
Perseverance landed inside the crater and will slowly collect samples that will eventually be returned to Earth for further analysis.
A second mission will fly to the planet and return the samples, perhaps by the later 2020s in partnership with the European Space Agency.
This concept art shows the Mars 2020 rover landing on the red planet via NASA’s ‘sky-crane’ system
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